Trump’s Fed fight looks like something from another country

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英文

※太字部分は解説がのちほどあり。

Trump’s Fed fight looks like something from another country:

A political leader demanding questionable policy from the central bank and testing the legal limits to get it – to Martin Redrado, sitting in Argentina, Donald Trump’s stand-off with the Federal Reserve feels surprisingly familiar.

Redrado was fired as head of Argentina’s central bank in 2010, after he resisted orders by then-President Cristina Kirchner to hand over reserves to help pay off national debts.

He fought the decision successfully in court, but eventually resigned in the face of what he told the BBC was “intolerable” pressure.

Today, the clash is remembered as one of the early warnings of the economic turmoil that later engulfed Argentina, exposing it to high inflation and a currency plunge from which the country is still recovering.

Trump’s fight with the Fed has sparked debate about whether the US might be heading in a similar direction.

Since his return to office last year, Trump has accused the chair of the US central bank, Jerome Powell, of mishandling the economy and driving up debt costs for the government by keeping interest rates too high.

But his interventions at the bank have not been limited to social media complaints.

In August, Trump moved to sack a top policymaker, Lisa Cook, a decision now being challenged at the Supreme Court.

Then on Sunday, Powell said the Fed was facing a criminal probe from the Department of Justice, relating to cost overruns at a property renovation – concerns that Powell has dismissed as “pretext”.

Market reaction to the drama has remained muted, which analysts said was a sign that investors expect the bank to be able to continue operating freely.

But that faith will be tested in the coming weeks, when the Supreme Court is due to hear arguments about Cook’s firing and the president is expected to announce his pick to replace Powell, whose term as Fed chair ends in May.

Redrado said he has been surprised to see echoes of his own battle happening in the US, long held up as a global model.

“This seems more like an emerging market story,” he said.

He is not alone in making the comparison.

“This is what you do in banana republics, not what should happen in the United States of America,” economist Jason Furman, who led former President Barack Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers, told the BBC, using a derogatory term often used to describe countries with unstable politics and economies subject to the whims of a ruling class.

In an interview with CNBC, former Fed chair Janet Yellen, who served as Treasury Secretary under Joe Biden, raised a similar spectre as she warned against the way Trump wants the Fed to conduct policy. “It is the road to a banana republic,” she said.

Inflationary risks:

Trump has remained defiant in the face of calls to limit his interference with the bank, a powerful economic player, which has access to vast financial reserves and the ability to influence borrowing costs across an economy.

He has denied involvement in the criminal probe, which he said had nothing to do with interest rates, while maintaining he has a right to express his views.

“I think it’s fine what I’m doing,” he said.

But economists say Trump keeps up his attacks at the risk of the economy, arguing that hard-won evidence shows central banks deliver the best results when they operate without political pressure.

That consensus emerged from painful run-ins with inflation in the 1970s, including in the US, leading to a wave of global reforms.

Extensive academic research has since linked central bank independence to lower inflation over time.

Experts say elected officials have too many incentives to try to use bank power to secure an immediate economic boost or satisfy particular constituencies, even if it might hurt the economy over the long run.

But though Trump’s pressure on the Fed is unprecedented for the US, the president is hardly the only leader to disregard advice to leave central bankers alone.

In the UK, former Prime Minister Liz Truss attacked the Bank of England, criticising its independence and accusing it of having too much power.

A study of central banks in 118 countries between 2010 and 2018 found roughly 10% of central banks each year faced pressure from political leaders, like Trump, wanting lower interest rates, which make borrowing less expensive and can deliver a short-term economic boost.

Pressure on central bankers was most likely to emerge in countries with nationalist or populist leaders and was typically followed by higher inflation, says economist Carola Binder, a professor at the University of Texas at Austin who conducted the review.

In Turkey, for example, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan cycled through three central bank leaders in three years between 2019 and 2021, as he looked for someone who would execute on his unorthodox view that high interest rates fed inflation.

Inflation soared past 50%, as the bank bowed to his demands, before he agreed to appoint leaders with more moderate views.

Even in countries where central banks resisted the interference, Binder’s research found that inflation tended to rise, albeit to a lesser degree, suggesting pressure alone could cause damage.

Binder says she thinks the pressure led people to doubt central banks’ ability to manage inflation effectively, causing them to expect higher prices in the future – a view that is often self-fulfilling.

For now, polls suggest inflation expectations in the US remain contained, making the likely significance of the current fight more political than economic, Binder says.

Still, she warned: “That is a possibility for the US – that this could be inflationary.”

US fallout:

Even if the Fed became a tool of the president, analysts believe the US economy was unlikely to face as severe a fallout as smaller nations like Argentina and Turkey.

But some say there are already signs the fight is having consequences, pointing to an 8% fall in the value of the dollar against a basket of currencies over the last year.

Over the long term, it can be hard to identify the driver of economic damage – whether it is the loss of central bank independence or other, often related issues, like the erosion of democracy or rule of law, says Carolina Garriga, professor of political science at the University of Essex.

But she says immediate market moves, like a dip in the dollar that followed the announcement of the Fed criminal probe, show investors consider central bank independence an important piece of the puzzle.

“It’s hard to disentangle but it is not hard to disentangle when it’s market reaction to an announcement.”

Since the criminal probe became public, key Wall Street leaders and members of Congress, including some Republicans, have spoken up forcefully in defence of the Fed.

At the Supreme Court, justices have also indicated that they see the bank as different from other arms of government, where they have let Trump’s firings proceed.

Analysts say they think the Fed will be able to maintain confidence in its policies, noting that it sets interest rates via a committee with 12 members, of whom the president appoints only seven and who each have long, staggered terms.

“There is slight concern,” says Jennifer McKeown, chief global economist at Capital Economics. “But there’s not a switch here that says faith in US institutions has been lost and therefore we’re in a downward spiral.”

But much of the Fed’s reputation for independence is rooted in convention, rather than legal design. In global comparisons of central bank independence, as measured by legal features, the Fed ranks in the bottom third.

Redrado said he remained hopeful that the strength of US institutions would prevail, unlike in Argentina, while warning that Trump was running unnecessary risk.

“President Trump is really defeating himself by having this kind of fight,” he said. “He should know better.”

英文の引用元:https://www.bbc.com

理解度チェックのクイズ

Q1. この記事で、マーティン・レドラド氏が「驚くほど似ている」と感じた出来事は何ですか。

A. アルゼンチンとEUの通貨政策
B. トランプ氏とFRBの対立
C. アルゼンチンのインフレ対策

Q2. レドラド氏が2010年に解任された直接の理由として正しいものはどれですか。

A. 金利を引き上げたから
B. 外貨準備の引き渡し命令に抵抗したから
C. IMFとの交渉に失敗したから

Q3. トランプ氏がFRBを批判している理由として、本文で述べられているものはどれですか。

A. インフレを急激に悪化させたから
B. 金利を高く維持し、政府の債務コストを押し上げているから
C. ドル安を意図的に進めているから

Q4. 中央銀行の独立性が重視されるようになった背景として正しいものはどれですか。

A. 1990年代のITバブル崩壊
B. 1970年代のインフレとの苦い経験
C. 世界金融危機(リーマンショック)


A1. 正解:B
解説:本文では、ドナルド・トランプ氏とFRBの対立が、アルゼンチンで自身が経験した出来事と似ていると述べられています。該当箇所は、Donald Trump’s stand-off with the Federal Reserve feels surprisingly familiar. です。

A2. 正解:B
解説:レドラド氏は、当時の大統領の命令に従わず、外貨準備を国債返済に回すことを拒否したため解任されました。本文には、after he resisted orders by then-President Cristina Kirchner to hand over reserves とあります。

A3. 正解:B
解説:トランプ氏は、FRB議長が金利を高く保ち、政府の債務コストを押し上げていると非難しています。該当英文は、driving up debt costs for the government by keeping interest rates too high です。

A4. 正解:B
解説:1970年代の深刻なインフレの反省から、政治から独立した中央銀行が重要だという考え方が広まりました。本文では、painful run-ins with inflation in the 1970s と説明されています。


ニュースの背景解説

この記事は、アメリカの大統領であるDonald Trumpと、米国の中央銀行であるFederal Reserve(FRB)との対立をテーマにしています。トランプ氏は、FRBが金利を高く保ちすぎて経済の足を引っ張っていると批判しています。一方で、中央銀行は政治から独立して金融政策を行うことが、インフレ抑制や経済の安定に重要だと考えられてきました。

記事では、アルゼンチンで中央銀行総裁を務めたマーティン・レドラド氏の経験を引き合いに出し、政治介入が経済混乱につながる危険性を指摘しています。この問題が注目される理由は、アメリカが長年「制度が安定した国」のモデルとされてきたからです。


英文の和訳

Trump’s Fed fight looks like something from another country:
トランプ氏とFRBの争いは、まるで別の国で起きている出来事のように見えます。

A political leader demanding questionable policy from the central bank and testing the legal limits to get it – to Martin Redrado, sitting in Argentina, Donald Trump’s stand-off with the Federal Reserve feels surprisingly familiar.
中央銀行に対して疑わしい政策を要求し、それを実現するために法的な限界を試す政治指導者――アルゼンチンにいるマーティン・レドラド氏にとって、ドナルド・トランプ氏とFRBの対立は驚くほど見覚えのあるものに感じられます。

Redrado was fired as head of Argentina’s central bank in 2010, after he resisted orders by then-President Cristina Kirchner to hand over reserves to help pay off national debts.
レドラド氏は2010年、当時の大統領クリスティーナ・キルチネル氏から、国家債務の返済に充てるため外貨準備を引き渡すよう命じられたことに抵抗し、アルゼンチン中央銀行総裁の職を解任されました。

He fought the decision successfully in court, but eventually resigned in the face of what he told the BBC was “intolerable” pressure.
彼はその決定を裁判で争い、勝訴しましたが、BBCに対して「耐えがたい」と語った圧力に直面し、最終的には辞任しました。

Today, the clash is remembered as one of the early warnings of the economic turmoil that later engulfed Argentina, exposing it to high inflation and a currency plunge from which the country is still recovering.
この対立は現在、後にアルゼンチンを飲み込んだ経済混乱の初期警告の一つとして記憶されており、同国が今なお回復途上にある高インフレと通貨急落を招くことになりました。

Trump’s fight with the Fed has sparked debate about whether the US might be heading in a similar direction.
トランプ氏とFRBの争いは、アメリカが同じような道をたどるのではないかという議論を引き起こしています。

Since his return to office last year, Trump has accused the chair of the US central bank, Jerome Powell, of mishandling the economy and driving up debt costs for the government by keeping interest rates too high.
昨年に政権へ復帰して以降、トランプ氏は米中央銀行議長のジェローム・パウエル氏が経済運営を誤り、金利を高く維持することで政府の債務コストを押し上げていると非難してきました。

But his interventions at the bank have not been limited to social media complaints.
しかし、トランプ氏による中央銀行への介入は、SNS上での不満表明だけにとどまっていません。

In August, Trump moved to sack a top policymaker, Lisa Cook, a decision now being challenged at the Supreme Court.
8月には、トランプ氏は主要な政策決定者であるリサ・クック氏を解任しようとし、その決定は現在、最高裁で争われています。

Then on Sunday, Powell said the Fed was facing a criminal probe from the Department of Justice, relating to cost overruns at a property renovation – concerns that Powell has dismissed as “pretext”.
そして日曜日には、パウエル氏が、FRBは施設改修工事での費用超過に関連して司法省から刑事捜査を受けていると明らかにしましたが、パウエル氏はこれらの懸念を「口実にすぎない」と退けています。

Market reaction to the drama has remained muted, which analysts said was a sign that investors expect the bank to be able to continue operating freely.
この一連の騒動に対する市場の反応は落ち着いたままであり、これは投資家がFRBは引き続き自由に運営できると見ている兆しだと、アナリストは述べています。

But that faith will be tested in the coming weeks, when the Supreme Court is due to hear arguments about Cook’s firing and the president is expected to announce his pick to replace Powell, whose term as Fed chair ends in May.
しかしその信頼は、クック氏解任をめぐる審理が最高裁で行われ、さらに5月にFRB議長の任期が切れるパウエル氏の後任を大統領が指名すると見られる今後数週間で試されることになります。

Redrado said he has been surprised to see echoes of his own battle happening in the US, long held up as a global model.
レドラド氏は、長年世界の模範とされてきたアメリカで、自身の経験と重なる出来事が起きていることに驚いていると語りました。

“This seems more like an emerging market story,” he said.
「これはむしろ新興国の話のように思える」と彼は述べました。

He is not alone in making the comparison.
このような比較をしているのは、彼だけではありません。

“This is what you do in banana republics, not what should happen in the United States of America,” economist Jason Furman, who led former President Barack Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers, told the BBC, using a derogatory term often used to describe countries with unstable politics and economies subject to the whims of a ruling class.
「これはバナナ・リパブリックで起きることであり、アメリカ合衆国で起きるべきことではない」と、オバマ元大統領の下で大統領経済諮問委員会を率いた経済学者ジェイソン・ファーマン氏はBBCに語りました。ここで使われた「バナナ・リパブリック」とは、政治や経済が不安定で、支配層の気まぐれに左右される国を指す蔑称です。

In an interview with CNBC, former Fed chair Janet Yellen, who served as Treasury Secretary under Joe Biden, raised a similar spectre as she warned against the way Trump wants the Fed to conduct policy. “It is the road to a banana republic,” she said.
CNBCのインタビューで、ジョー・バイデン政権下で財務長官を務めた元FRB議長のジャネット・イエレン氏も、トランプ氏がFRBに求める政策運営のやり方を警戒し、同様の懸念を示しました。「それはバナナ・リパブリックへの道です」と彼女は述べました。

Inflationary risks:
インフレのリスク:

Trump has remained defiant in the face of calls to limit his interference with the bank, a powerful economic player, which has access to vast financial reserves and the ability to influence borrowing costs across an economy.
巨額の金融資産を持ち、経済全体の借入コストに影響を与える強力な経済主体であるFRBへの介入を控えるよう求める声がある中でも、トランプ氏は強気の姿勢を崩していません。

He has denied involvement in the criminal probe, which he said had nothing to do with interest rates, while maintaining he has a right to express his views.
トランプ氏は、その刑事捜査への関与を否定し、それは金利とは無関係だと述べる一方で、自分には意見を表明する権利があると主張しています。

“I think it’s fine what I’m doing,” he said.
「自分のやっていることは問題ないと思う」と彼は語りました。

But economists say Trump keeps up his attacks at the risk of the economy, arguing that hard-won evidence shows central banks deliver the best results when they operate without political pressure.
しかし経済学者たちは、政治的圧力を受けずに運営されるときにこそ中央銀行は最良の成果を上げるという、苦労して積み重ねられてきた証拠があるとして、トランプ氏の攻撃は経済にとって危険だと指摘しています。

That consensus emerged from painful run-ins with inflation in the 1970s, including in the US, leading to a wave of global reforms.
その共通認識は、アメリカを含む1970年代の深刻なインフレとの苦い経験から生まれ、世界的な制度改革の波につながりました。

Extensive academic research has since linked central bank independence to lower inflation over time.
その後の幅広い学術研究により、中央銀行の独立性と長期的な低インフレとの関連が示されてきました。

Experts say elected officials have too many incentives to try to use bank power to secure an immediate economic boost or satisfy particular constituencies, even if it might hurt the economy over the long run.
専門家は、選挙で選ばれた政治家には、たとえ長期的に経済を損なう可能性があっても、短期的な景気刺激や特定の支持層を満足させるために中央銀行の力を使おうとする動機が多すぎると述べています。

But though Trump’s pressure on the Fed is unprecedented for the US, the president is hardly the only leader to disregard advice to leave central bankers alone.
しかし、トランプ氏のFRBへの圧力はアメリカでは前例のないものではあるものの、中央銀行に介入しないようにという助言を無視する指導者は、彼だけではありません。

In the UK, former Prime Minister Liz Truss attacked the Bank of England, criticising its independence and accusing it of having too much power.
イギリスでは、元首相のリズ・トラス氏がイングランド銀行を攻撃し、その独立性を批判し、権限が強すぎると非難しました。

A study of central banks in 118 countries between 2010 and 2018 found roughly 10% of central banks each year faced pressure from political leaders, like Trump, wanting lower interest rates, which make borrowing less expensive and can deliver a short-term economic boost.
2010年から2018年にかけて118か国の中央銀行を調査した研究では、毎年およそ10%の中央銀行が、借入コストを下げて短期的な景気刺激をもたらす低金利を求めるトランプ氏のような政治指導者から圧力を受けていたことが分かりました。

Pressure on central bankers was most likely to emerge in countries with nationalist or populist leaders and was typically followed by higher inflation, says economist Carola Binder, a professor at the University of Texas at Austin who conducted the review.
この調査を行ったテキサス大学オースティン校の教授で経済学者のキャロラ・ビンダー氏は、中央銀行への圧力は民族主義的またはポピュリスト的な指導者がいる国で起こりやすく、通常はインフレ上昇が続いたと述べています。

In Turkey, for example, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan cycled through three central bank leaders in three years between 2019 and 2021, as he looked for someone who would execute on his unorthodox view that high interest rates fed inflation.
例えばトルコでは、レジェップ・タイイップ・エルドアン大統領が、高金利はインフレを助長するという自身の異端的な考えを実行してくれる人物を求め、2019年から2021年の3年間で3人の中央銀行総裁を交代させました。

Inflation soared past 50%, as the bank bowed to his demands, before he agreed to appoint leaders with more moderate views.
中央銀行が彼の要求に屈した結果、インフレ率は50%を超えるまで急上昇し、その後になってようやく、より穏健な考えを持つ指導者の任命に同意しました。

Even in countries where central banks resisted the interference, Binder’s research found that inflation tended to rise, albeit to a lesser degree, suggesting pressure alone could cause damage.
ビンダー氏の研究では、中央銀行が介入に抵抗した国であっても、程度は小さいながらインフレが上昇する傾向があり、圧力そのものが悪影響を及ぼし得ることが示されています。

Binder says she thinks the pressure led people to doubt central banks’ ability to manage inflation effectively, causing them to expect higher prices in the future – a view that is often self-fulfilling.
ビンダー氏は、その圧力によって人々が中央銀行のインフレ管理能力を疑うようになり、将来の物価上昇を予想するようになったと考えており、その予想はしばしば自己実現的になると述べています。

For now, polls suggest inflation expectations in the US remain contained, making the likely significance of the current fight more political than economic, Binder says.
現時点では、世論調査からアメリカのインフレ期待は抑えられていることが示されており、今回の争いの影響は経済的というより政治的な意味合いが強い可能性が高いと、ビンダー氏は述べています。

Still, she warned: “That is a possibility for the US – that this could be inflationary.”
それでも彼女は、「アメリカにとっても、これがインフレにつながる可能性はあります」と警告しました。

US fallout:
アメリカへの影響:

Even if the Fed became a tool of the president, analysts believe the US economy was unlikely to face as severe a fallout as smaller nations like Argentina and Turkey.
仮にFRBが大統領の道具になったとしても、アナリストたちは、アメリカ経済がアルゼンチンやトルコのような小国ほど深刻な影響を受ける可能性は低いと見ています。

But some say there are already signs the fight is having consequences, pointing to an 8% fall in the value of the dollar against a basket of currencies over the last year.
しかし、この対立がすでに影響を及ぼしている兆しがあると指摘する人もおり、過去1年間でドルの価値が通貨バスケットに対して8%下落したことを挙げています。

Over the long term, it can be hard to identify the driver of economic damage – whether it is the loss of central bank independence or other, often related issues, like the erosion of democracy or rule of law, says Carolina Garriga, professor of political science at the University of Essex.
長期的には、経済的損害の原因が中央銀行の独立性喪失なのか、それとも民主主義や法の支配の弱体化といった、しばしば関連する別の問題なのかを特定するのは難しいと、エセックス大学の政治学教授カロリーナ・ガリガ氏は述べています。

But she says immediate market moves, like a dip in the dollar that followed the announcement of the Fed criminal probe, show investors consider central bank independence an important piece of the puzzle.
しかし彼女は、FRBへの刑事捜査が公表された後に起きたドル安のような短期的な市場の動きは、投資家が中央銀行の独立性を重要な要素と見なしていることを示していると語っています。

“It’s hard to disentangle but it is not hard to disentangle when it’s market reaction to an announcement.”
「切り分けるのは難しいですが、発表に対する市場の反応であれば、判断はそれほど難しくありません」と彼女は述べました。

Since the criminal probe became public, key Wall Street leaders and members of Congress, including some Republicans, have spoken up forcefully in defence of the Fed.
刑事捜査が公になって以降、ウォール街の主要人物や、共和党の一部を含む議員たちが、FRBを強く擁護する発言をしています。

At the Supreme Court, justices have also indicated that they see the bank as different from other arms of government, where they have let Trump’s firings proceed.
最高裁でも、FRBは他の政府機関とは異なる存在であり、トランプ氏による解任を認めてきた機関とは区別して見ていることを、判事たちは示しています。

Analysts say they think the Fed will be able to maintain confidence in its policies, noting that it sets interest rates via a committee with 12 members, of whom the president appoints only seven and who each have long, staggered terms.
アナリストたちは、FRBは政策への信認を維持できると考えており、その理由として、金利は12人の委員からなる委員会で決定され、大統領が任命するのはそのうち7人にすぎず、しかも任期が長く段階的にずれている点を挙げています。

“There is slight concern,” says Jennifer McKeown, chief global economist at Capital Economics. “But there’s not a switch here that says faith in US institutions has been lost and therefore we’re in a downward spiral.”
キャピタル・エコノミクスのチーフ・グローバル・エコノミストであるジェニファー・マッキューン氏は、「わずかな懸念はあります。しかし、米国の制度への信頼が失われ、下降スパイラルに入ったと言えるような状況ではありません」と述べています。

But much of the Fed’s reputation for independence is rooted in convention, rather than legal design. In global comparisons of central bank independence, as measured by legal features, the Fed ranks in the bottom third.
しかし、FRBの独立性に対する評価の多くは慣行に基づくもので、法制度による裏付けではありません。法的な要素で測った中央銀行の独立性の国際比較では、FRBは下位3分の1に位置しています。

Redrado said he remained hopeful that the strength of US institutions would prevail, unlike in Argentina, while warning that Trump was running unnecessary risk.
レドラド氏は、アルゼンチンとは異なり、アメリカでは制度の強さが最終的に勝ることを期待していると語る一方で、トランプ氏は不必要なリスクを冒していると警告しました。

“President Trump is really defeating himself by having this kind of fight,” he said. “He should know better.”
「トランプ大統領は、こうした争いをすることで自分自身を追い込んでいます。もっと分かっているべきです」と彼は述べました。


英語学習ポイント解説

  1. stand-off
    「にらみ合い」「対立」という意味で、対話が進まない状態を表します。ニュースで政治的対立を表す際によく使われます。
  2. central bank
    「中央銀行」のことです。the をつけて使われることが多く、国ごとに1つ存在します。
  3. be remembered as ~
    「~として記憶されている」という表現で、過去の出来事を評価する際によく使われます。
  4. spark debate
    「議論を引き起こす」という意味の定型表現で、ニュース記事で頻出です。
  5. independence
    「独立」。中央銀行の独立性を表す重要語で、政治からの距離を意味します。
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